% language=us

\startcomponent onandon-amputating

\environment onandon-environment

\startchapter[title={Amputating code}]

\startsection[title={Introduction}]

Because \CONTEXT\ is already rather old in terms of software life and because it
evolves over time, code can get replaced by better code. Reasons for this can be:

\startitemize[packed]
\startitem a better understanding of the way \TEX\ and \METAPOST\ work \stopitem
\startitem demand for more advanced options \stopitem
\startitem a brainwave resulting in a better solution \stopitem
\startitem new functionality provided in \TEX\ engine used \stopitem
\startitem the necessity to speed up a core process \stopitem
\stopitemize

Replacing code that in itself does a good job but is no longer the best to be
used comes with sentiments. It can be rather satisfying to cook up a
(conceptually as well as codewise) good solution and therefore removing code from
a file can result in a somewhat bad feeling and even a feeling of losing
something. Hence the title of this chapter.

Here I will discuss one of the more complex subsystems: the one dealing with
typeset text in \METAPOST\ graphics. I will stick to the principles and not
present (much) code as that can be found in archives. This is not a tutorial,
but more a sort of wrap|-|up for myself. It anyhow show the thinking behind
this mechanism. I'll also introduce a new \LUATEX\ feature here: subruns.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={The problem}]

\METAPOST\ is meant for drawing graphics and adding text to them is not really
part of the concept. Its a bit like how \TEX\ sees images: the dimensions matter,
the content doesn't. This means that in \METAPOST\ a blob of text is an
abstraction. The native way to create a typeset text picture is:

\starttyping
picture p ; p := btex some text etex ;
\stoptyping

In traditional \METAPOST\ this will create a temporary \TEX\ file with the words
\type {some text} wrapped in a box that when typeset is just shipped out. The
result is a \DVI\ file that with an auxiliary program will be transformed into a
\METAPOST\ picture. That picture itself is made from multiple pictures, because
each sequences of characters becomes a picture and kerns become shifts.

There is also a primitive \type {infont} that takes a text and just converts it
into a low level text object but no typesetting is done there: so no ligatures
and no kerns are found there. In \CONTEXT\ this operator is redefined to do the
right thing.

In both cases, what ends up in the \POSTSCRIPT\ file is references to fonts and
characters and the original idea is that \DVIPS\ understands what
fonts to embed. Details are communicated via specials (comments) that \DVIPS\ is
supposed to intercept and understand. This all happens in an 8~bit (font) universe.

When we moved on to \PDF, a converter from \METAPOST's rather predictable and
simple \POSTSCRIPT\ code to \PDF\ was written in \TEX. The graphic operators
became \PDF\ operators and the text was retypeset using the font information and
snippets of strings and injected at the right spot. The only complication was
that a non circular pen actually produced two path of which one has to be
transformed.

At that moment it already had become clear that a more tight integration in
\CONTEXT\ would happen and not only would that demand a more sophisticated
handling of text, but it would also require more features not present in
\METAPOST, like dealing with \CMYK\ colors, special color spaces, transparency,
images, shading, and more. All this was implemented. In the next sections we will
only discuss texts.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={Using the traditional method}]

The \type {btex} approach was not that flexible because what happens is that
\type {btex} triggers the parser to just grabbing everything upto the \type
{etex} and pass that to an external program. It's special scanner mode and
because because of that using macros for typesetting texts is a pain. So, instead
of using this method in \CONTEXT\ we used \type {textext}. Before a run the
\METAPOST\ file was scanned and for each \type {textext} the argument was copied
to a file. The \type {btex} calls were scanned to and replaced by \type {textext}
calls.

For each processed snippet the dimensions were stored in order to be loaded at
the start of the \METAPOST\ run. In fact, each text was just a rectangle with
certain dimensions. The \PDF\ converter would use the real snippet (by
typesetting it).

Of course there had to be some housekeeping in order to make sure that the right
snippets were used, because the order of definition (as picture) can be different
from them being used. This mechanism evolved into reasonable robust text handling
but of course was limited by the fact that the file was scanned for snippets. So,
the string had to be string and not assembled one. This disadvantage was
compensated by the fact that we could communicate relevant bits of the
environment and apply all the usual context trickery in texts in a way that was
consistent with the rest of the document.

A later implementation could communicate the text via specials which is more
flexible. Although we talk of this method in the past sense it is still used in
\MKII.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={Using the library}]

When the \MPLIB\ library showed up in \LUATEX, the same approach was used but
soon we moved on to a different approach. We already used specials to communicate
extensions to the backend, using special colors and fake objects as signals. But
at that time paths got pre- and postscripts fields and those could be used to
really carry information with objects because unlike specials, they were bound to
that object. So, all extensions using specials as well as texts were rewritten to
use these scripts.

The \type {textext} macro changed its behaviour a bit too. Remember that a
text effectively was just a rectangle with some transformation applied. However
this time the postscript field carried the text and the prescript field some
specifics, like the fact that that we are dealing with text. Using the script made
it possible to carry some more inforation around, like special color demands.

\starttyping
draw textext("foo") ;
\stoptyping

Among the prescripts are \typ {tx_index=trial} and \typ {tx_state=trial}
(multiple prescripts are prepended) and the postscript is \type {foo}. In a
second run the prescript is \type {tx_index=trial} and \typ {tx_state=final}.
After the first run we analyze all objects, collect the texts (those with a \type
{tx_} variables set) and typeset them. As part of the second run we pass the
dimensions of each indexed text snippet. Internally before the first run we
\quote {reset} states, then after the first run we \quote {analyze}, and after
the second run we \quote {process} as part of the conversion of output to \PDF.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={Using \type {runscript}}]

When the \type {runscript} feature was introduced in the library we no longer
needed to pass the dimensions via subscripted variables. Instead we could just
run a \LUA\ snippets and ask for the dimensions of a text with some index. This
is conceptually not much different but it saves us creating \METAPOST\ code that
stored the dimensions, at the cost of potentially a bit more runtime due to the
\type {runscript} calls. But the code definitely looks a bit cleaner this way. Of
course we had to keep the dimensions at the \LUA\ end but we already did that
because we stored the preprocessed snippets for final usage.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={Using a sub \TEX\ run}]

We now come the current (post \LUATEX\ 1.08) solution. For reasons I will
mention later a two pass approach is not optimal, but we can live with that,
especially because \CONTEXT\ with \METAFUN\ (which is what we're talking about
here) is quit efficient. More important is that it's kind of ugly to do all the
not that special work twice. In addition to text we also have outlines, graphics
and more mechanisms that needed two passes and all these became one pass
features.

A \TEX\ run is special in many ways. At some point after starting up \TEX\
enters the main loop and begins reading text and expanding macros. Normally you
start with a file but soon a macro is seen, and a next level of input is entered,
because as part of the expansion more text can be met, files can be opened,
other macros be expanded. When a macro expands a token register, another level is
entered and the same happens when a \LUA\ call is triggered. Such a call can
print back something to \TEX\ and that has to be scanned as if it came from a
file.

When token lists (and macros) get expanded, some commands result in direct
actions, others result in expansion only and processing later as one of more
tokens can end up in the input stack. The internals of the engine operate in
miraculous ways. All commands trigger a function call, but some have their own
while others share one with a switch statement (in \CCODE\ speak) because they
belong to a category of similar actions. Some are expanded directly, some get
delayed.

Does it sound complicated? Well, it is. It's even more so when you consider that
\TEX\ uses nesting, which means pushing and popping local assignments, knows
modes, like horizontal, vertical and math mode, keeps track of interrupts and at
the same type triggers typesetting, par building, page construction and flushing
to the output file.

It is for this reason plus the fact that users can and will do a lot to influence
that behaviour that there is just one main loop and in many aspects global state.
There are some exceptions, for instance when the output routine is called, which
creates a sort of closure: it interrupts the process and for that reason gets
grouping enforced so that it doesn't influence the main run. But even then the
main loop does the job.

Starting with version 1.10 \LUATEX\ provides a way to do a local run. There are
two ways provided: expanding a token register and calling a \LUA\ function. It
took a bit of experimenting to reach an implementation that works out reasonable
and many variants were tried. In the appendix we give an example of usage.

The current variant is reasonable robust and does the job but care is needed.
First of all, as soon as you start piping something to \TEX\ that gets typeset
you'd better in a valid mode. If not, then for instance glyphs can end up in a
vertical list and \LUATEX\ will abort. In case you wonder why we don't intercept
this: we can't because we don't know the users intentions. We cannot enforce a
mode for instance as this can have side effects, think of expanding \type
{\everypar} or injecting an indentation box. Also, as soon as you start juggling
nodes there is no way that \TEX\ can foresee what needs to be copied to
discarded. Normally it works out okay but because in \LUATEX\ you can cheat in
numerous ways with \LUA, you can get into trouble.

So, what has this to do with \METAPOST ? Well, first of all we could now use a
one pass approach. The \type {textext} macro calls \LUA, which then let \TEX\ do
some typesetting, and then gives back the dimensions to \METAPOST. The \quote
{analyze} phase is now integrated in the run. For a regular text this works quite
well because we just box some text and that's it. However, in the next section we
will see where things get complicated.

Let's summarize the one pass approach: the \type {textext} macro creates
rectangle with the right dimensions and for doing passes the string to \LUA\
using \type {runscript}. We store the argument of \type {textext} in a variable,
then call \type {runtoks}, which expands the given token list, where we typeset a
box with the stored text (that we fetch with a \LUA\ call), and the \type
{runscript} passes back the three dimensions as fake \RGB\ color to \METAPOST\
which applies a \type {scantokens} to the result. So, in principle there is no
real conceptual difference except that we now analyze in|-|place instead of
between runs. I will not show the code here because in \CONTEXT\ we use a wrapper
around \type {runscript} so low level examples won't run well.

\stopsection

\startsection[title={Some aspects}]

An important aspect of the text handling is that the whole text can be
transformed. Normally this is only some scaling but rotation is also quite valid.
In the first approach, the original \METAPOST\ one, we have pictures constructed
of snippets and pictures transform well as long as the backend is not too
confused, something that can happen when for instance very small or large font
scales are used. There were some limitations with respect to the number of fonts
and efficient inclusion when for instance randomization was used (I remember
cases with thousands of font instances). The \PDF\ backend could handle most
cases well, by just using one size and scaling at the \PDF\ level. All the \type
{textext} approaches use rectangles as stubs which is very efficient and permits
all transforms.

How about color? Think of this situation:

\starttyping
\startMPcode
    draw textext("some \color[red]{text}")
        withcolor green ;
\stopMPcode
\stoptyping

And what about the document color? We suffice by saying that this is all well
supported. Of course using transparency, spot colors etc.\ also needs extensions.
These are however not directly related to texts although we need to take it into
account when dealing with the inclusion.

\starttyping
\startMPcode
    draw textext("some \color[red]{text}")
      withcolor "blue"
      withtransparency (1,0.5) ;
\stopMPcode
\stoptyping

What if you have a graphic with many small snippets of which many have the same
content? These are by default shared, but if needed you can disable it. This makes
sense if you have a case like this:

\starttyping
\useMPlibrary[dum]

\startMPcode
    draw textext("\externalfigure[unknown]") notcached ;
    draw textext("\externalfigure[unknown]") notcached ;
\stopMPcode
\stoptyping

Normally each unknown image gets a nice placeholder with some random properties.
So, do we want these two to have the same or not? At least you can control it.

When I said that things can get complicated with the one pass approach the
previous code snippet is a good example. The dummy figure is generated by
\METAPOST. So, as we have one pass, and jump temporarily back to \TEX,
we have two problems: we reenter the \MPLIB\ instance again in the middle of
a run, and we might pipe back something to and|/|or from \TEX\ nested.

The first problem could be solved by starting a new \MPLIB\ session. This
normally is not a problem as both runs are independent of each other. In
\CONTEXT\ we can have \METAPOST\ runs in many places and some produce some more
of less stand alone graphic in the text while other calls produce \PDF\ code in
the backend that is used in a different way (for instance in a font). In the
first case the result gets nicely wrapped in a box, while in the second case it
might directly end up in the page stream. And, as \TEX\ has no knowledge of what
is needed, it's here that we can get the complications that can lead to aborting
a run when you are careless. But in any case, if you abort, then you can be sure
you're doing the wrong thing. So, the second problem can only be solved by
careful programming.

When I ran the test suite on the new code, some older modules had to be fixed.
They were doing the right thing from the perspective of intermediate runs and
therefore independent box handling, putting a text in a box and collecting
dimensions, but interwoven they demanded a bit more defensive programming. For
instance, the multi|-|pass approach always made copies snippets while the one
pass approach does that only when needed. And that confused some old code in a
module, which incidentally is never used today because we have better
functionality built|-|in (the \METAFUN\ \type {followtext} mechanism).

The two pass approach has special code for cases where a text is not used.
Imagine this:

\starttyping
picture p ; p := textext("foo") ;

draw boundingbox p;
\stoptyping

Here the \quote {analyze} stage will never see the text because we don't flush p.
However because \type {textext} is called it can also make sure we still know the
dimensions. In the next case we do use the text but in two different ways. These
subtle aspects are dealt with properly and could be made a it simpler in the
single pass approach.

\starttyping
picture p ; p := textext("foo") ;

draw p rotated 90 withcolor red ;
draw p withcolor green ;
\stoptyping

\stopsection

\startsection[title=One or two runs]

So are we better off now? One problem with two passes is that if you use the
equation solver you need to make sure that you don't run into the redundant
equation issue. So, you need to manage your variables well. In fact you need to
do that anyway because you can call out to \METAPOST\ many times in a run so old
variables can interfere anyway. So yes, we're better off here.

Are we worse off now? The two runs with in between the text processing is very
robust. There is no interference of nested runs and no interference of nested
local \TEX\ calls. So, maybe we're also bit worse off. You need to anyhow keep
this in mind when you write your own low level \TEX|-|\METAPOST\ interaction
trickery, but fortunately now many users do that. And if you did write your own
plugins, you now need to make them single pass.

The new code is conceptually cleaner but also still not trivial because due to
the mentioned complications. It's definitely less code but somehow amputating the
old code does hurt a bit. Maybe I should keep it around as reference of how text
handling evolved over a few decades.

\stopsection

\startsection[title=Appendix]

Because the single pass approach made me finally look into a (although somewhat
limited) local \TEX\ run, I will show a simple example. For the sake of
generality I will use \type {\directlua}. Say that you need the dimensions of a
box while in \LUA:

\startbuffer
\directlua {
    tex.sprint("result 1: <")

    tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{one}")
    tex.sprint("\\number\\wd0")

    tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{\\directlua{tex.print{'first'}}}")
    tex.sprint(",")
    tex.sprint("\\number\\wd0")

    tex.sprint(">")
}
\stopbuffer

\typebuffer \getbuffer

This looks ok, but only because all printed text is collected and pushed into a
new input level once the \LUA\ call is done. So take this then:

\startbuffer
\directlua {
    tex.sprint("result 2: <")

    tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{one}")
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{\\directlua{tex.print{'first'}}}")
    tex.sprint(",")
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.sprint(">")
}
\stopbuffer

\typebuffer \getbuffer

This time we get the widths of the box known at the moment that we are in \LUA,
but we haven't typeset the content yet, so we get the wrong dimensions. This
however will work okay:

\startbuffer
\toks0{\setbox0\hbox{one}}
\toks2{\setbox0\hbox{first}}
\directlua {
    tex.forcehmode(true)

    tex.sprint("<")

    tex.runtoks(0)
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.runtoks(2)
    tex.sprint(",")
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.sprint(">")
}
\stopbuffer

\typebuffer \getbuffer

as does this:

\startbuffer
\toks0{\setbox0\hbox{\directlua{tex.sprint(MyGlobalText)}}}
\directlua {
    tex.forcehmode(true)

    tex.sprint("result 3: <")

    MyGlobalText = "one"
    tex.runtoks(0)
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    MyGlobalText = "first"
    tex.runtoks(0)
    tex.sprint(",")
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.sprint(">")
}
\stopbuffer

\typebuffer \getbuffer

Here is a variant that uses functions:

\startbuffer
\directlua {
    tex.forcehmode(true)

    tex.sprint("result 4: <")

    tex.runtoks(function()
        tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{one}")
    end)
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.runtoks(function()
        tex.sprint("\\setbox0\\hbox{\\directlua{tex.print{'first'}}}")
    end)
    tex.sprint(",")
    tex.sprint(tex.getbox(0).width)

    tex.sprint(">")
}
\stopbuffer

\typebuffer \getbuffer

The \type {forcemode} is needed when you do this in vertical mode. Otherwise the
run aborts. Of course you can also force horizontal mode before the call. I'm
sure that users will be surprised by side effects when they really use this
feature but that is to be expected: you really need to be aware of the subtle
interference of input levels and mix of input media (files, token lists, macros
or \LUA) as well as the fact that \TEX\ often looks one token ahead, and often,
when forced to typeset something, also can trigger builders. You're warned.

\stopsection

\stopchapter

\stopcomponent

% \starttext

% \toks0{\hbox{test}}  [\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}]\par

% \toks0{\relax\relax\hbox{test}\relax\relax}[\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}]\par

% \toks0{xxxxxxx}  [\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}]\par

% \toks0{\hbox{(\ctxlua{context("test")})}}  [\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}]\par

% \toks0{\global\setbox1\hbox{(\ctxlua{context("test")})}}  [\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}\box1]\par

% \startluacode
% local s = "[\\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(0)}\\box1]"
% context("<")
% context( function() context(s) end)
% context( function() context(s) end)
% context(">")
% \stopluacode\par

% \toks10000{\hbox{\red test1}}
% \toks10002{\green\hbox{test2}}
% \toks10004{\hbox{\global\setbox1\hbox to 1000sp{\directlua{context("!4!")}}}}
% \toks10006{\hbox{\global\setbox3\hbox to 2000sp{\directlua{context("?6?")}}}}
% \hbox{x\startluacode
%     local s0 = "(\\hbox{\\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(10000)}})"
%     local s2 = "[\\hbox{\\ctxlua{tex.runtoks(10002)}}]"
%     context("<!")
% --    context( function() context(s0) end)
% --    context( function() context(s0) end)
% --    context( function() context(s2) end)
%     context(s0)
%     context(s0)
%     context(s2)
%     context("<")
%     tex.runtoks(10004)
%     context("X")
%     tex.runtoks(10006)
%     context(tex.box[1].width)
%     context("/")
%     context(tex.box[3].width)
%     context("!>")
% \stopluacode x}\par



