% language=us engine=luatex runpath=texruns:manuals/luatex \environment luatex-style \startcomponent luatex-fonts \startchapter[reference=fonts,title={Font structure}] \startsection[title={The font tables}] \topicindex {fonts} \topicindex {fonts+tables} All \TEX\ fonts are represented to \LUA\ code as tables, and internally as \CCODE~structures. All keys in the table below are saved in the internal font structure if they are present in the table returned by the \cbk {define_font} callback, or if they result from the normal \TFM|/|\VF\ reading routines if there is no \cbk {define_font} callback defined. The column \quote {\VF} means that this key will be created by the \type {font.read_vf()} routine, \quote {\TFM} means that the key will be created by the \type {font.read_tfm()} routine, and \quote {used} means whether or not the \LUATEX\ engine itself will do something with the key. The top|-|level keys in the table are as follows: \starttabulate[|l|c|c|c|l|pl|] \DB key \BC vf \BC tfm \BC used \BC value type \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{name} \NC yes \NC yes \NC yes \NC string \NC metric (file) name \NC \NR \NC \type{area} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC string \NC (directory) location, typically empty \NC \NR \NC \type{used} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC boolean \NC indicates usage (initial: false) \NC \NR \NC \type{characters} \NC yes \NC yes \NC yes \NC table \NC the defined glyphs of this font \NC \NR \NC \type{checksum} \NC yes \NC yes \NC no \NC number \NC default: 0 \NC \NR \NC \type{designsize} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC expected size (default: 655360 == 10pt) \NC \NR \NC \type{direction} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC default: 0 \NC \NR \NC \type{encodingbytes} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC default: depends on \type {format} \NC \NR \NC \type{encodingname} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC encoding name \NC \NR \NC \type{fonts} \NC yes \NC no \NC yes \NC table \NC locally used fonts \NC \NR \NC \type{psname} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC This is the \POSTSCRIPT\ fontname in the incoming font source, and it's used as fontname identifier in the \PDF\ output. This has to be a valid string, e.g.\ no spaces and such, as the backend will not do a cleanup. This gives complete control to the loader. \NC \NR \NC \type{fullname} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC output font name, used as a fallback in the \PDF\ output if the \type {psname} is not set \NC \NR \NC \type{subfont} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC default: 0, index in (\type {ttc}) font with multiple fonts \NC \NR \NC \type{header} \NC yes \NC no \NC no \NC string \NC header comments, if any \NC \NR \NC \type{hyphenchar} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC default: \TEX's \prm {hyphenchar} \NC \NR \NC \type{parameters} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC hash \NC default: 7 parameters, all zero \NC \NR \NC \type{size} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC the required scaling (by default the same as designsize) \NC \NR \NC \type{skewchar} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC default: \TEX's \prm {skewchar} \NC \NR \NC \type{type} \NC yes \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC basic type of this font \NC \NR \NC \type{format} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC disk format type \NC \NR \NC \type{embedding} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC \PDF\ inclusion \NC \NR \NC \type{filename} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC the name of the font on disk \NC \NR \NC \type{tounicode} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC When this is set to~1 \LUATEX\ assumes per|-|glyph tounicode entries are present in the font. \NC \NR \NC \type{stretch} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC the \quote {stretch} value from \lpr {expandglyphsinfont} \NC \NR \NC \type{shrink} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC the \quote {shrink} value from \lpr {expandglyphsinfont} \NC \NR \NC \type{step} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC the \quote {step} value from \lpr {expandglyphsinfont} \NC \NR \NC \type{expansion_factor} \NC no \NC no \NC no \NC number \NC the actual expansion factor of an expanded font \NC \NR \NC \type{attributes} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC the \orm {pdffontattr} \NC \NR \NC \type{cache} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC string \NC This key controls caching of the \LUA\ table on the \TEX\ end where \type {yes} means: use a reference to the table that is passed to \LUATEX\ (this is the default), and \type {no} means: don't store the table reference, don't cache any \LUA\ data for this font while \type {renew} means: don't store the table reference, but save a reference to the table that is created at the first access to one of its fields in the font. \NC \NR \NC \type{nomath} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC boolean \NC This key allows a minor speedup for text fonts. If it is present and true, then \LUATEX\ will not check the character entries for math|-|specific keys. \NC \NR \NC \type{oldmath} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC boolean \NC This key flags a font as representing an old school \TEX\ math font and disables the \OPENTYPE\ code path. \NC \NR \NC \type{slant} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC This parameter will tilt the font and does the same as \type {SlantFont} in the map file for \TYPEONE\ fonts. \NC \NR \NC \type{extend} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC This parameter will scale the font horizontally and does the same as \type {ExtendFont} in the map file for \TYPEONE\ fonts. \NC \NR \NC \type{squeeze} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC This parameter will scale the font vertically and has no equivalent in the map file. \NC \NR \NC \type{width} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC The backend will inject \PDF\ operators that set the penwidth. The value is (as usual in \TEX) divided by 1000. It works with the \type {mode} file. \NC \NR \NC \type{mode} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC The backend will inject \PDF\ operators that relate to the drawing mode with 0~being a fill, 1~being an outline, 2~both draw and fill and 3~no painting at all. \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate The saved reference in the \type {cache} option is thread|-|local, so be careful when you are using coroutines: an error will be thrown if the table has been cached in one thread, but you reference it from another thread. The key \type {name} is always required. The keys \type {stretch}, \type {shrink}, \type {step} only have meaning when used together: they can be used to replace a post|-|loading \lpr {expandglyphsinfont} command. The \type {auto_expand} option is not supported in \LUATEX. In fact, the primitives that create expanded or protruding copies are probably only useful when used with traditional fonts because all these extra \OPENTYPE\ properties are kept out of the picture. The \type {expansion_factor} is value that can be present inside a font in \type {font.fonts}. It is the actual expansion factor (a value between \type {-shrink} and \type {stretch}, with step \type {step}) of a font that was automatically generated by the font expansion algorithm. The \type {subfont} parameter can be used to specify the subfont in a \type {ttc} font. When given, it is used instead of the \type {psname} and \type {fullname} combination. The first subfont has number~1. A zero value signals using the names as lookup. Because we store the actual state of expansion with each glyph and don't have special font instances, we can change some font related parameters before lines are constructed, like: \starttyping font.setexpansion(font.current(),100,100,20) \stoptyping This is mostly meant for experiments (or an optimizing routing written in \LUA) so there is no primitive. The key \type {attributes} can be used to set font attributes in the \PDF\ file. The key \type {used} is set by the engine when a font is actively in use, this makes sure that the font's definition is written to the output file (\DVI\ or \PDF). The \TFM\ reader sets it to false. The \type {direction} is a number signalling the \quote {normal} direction for this font. There are sixteen possibilities: \starttabulate[|Tc|c|Tc|c|Tc|c|Tc|c|] \DB \# \BC dir \BC \# \BC dir \BC \# \BC dir \BC \# \BC dir \NC \NR \TB \NC 0 \NC LT \NC 4 \NC RT \NC 8 \NC TT \NC 12 \NC BT \NC \NR \NC 1 \NC LL \NC 5 \NC RL \NC 9 \NC TL \NC 13 \NC BL \NC \NR \NC 2 \NC LB \NC 6 \NC RB \NC 10 \NC TB \NC 14 \NC BB \NC \NR \NC 3 \NC LR \NC 7 \NC RR \NC 11 \NC TR \NC 15 \NC BR \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate These are \OMEGA|-|style direction abbreviations: the first character indicates the \quote {first} edge of the character glyphs (the edge that is seen first in the writing direction), the second the \quote {top} side. Keep in mind that \LUATEX\ has a bit different directional model so these values are not used for anything. The \type {parameters} is a hash with mixed key types. There are seven possible string keys, as well as a number of integer indices (these start from 8 up). The seven strings are actually used instead of the bottom seven indices, because that gives a nicer user interface. The names and their internal remapping are: \starttabulate[|l|c|] \DB name \BC remapping \NC \NR \TB \NC \type {slant} \NC 1 \NC \NR \NC \type {space} \NC 2 \NC \NR \NC \type {space_stretch} \NC 3 \NC \NR \NC \type {space_shrink} \NC 4 \NC \NR \NC \type {x_height} \NC 5 \NC \NR \NC \type {quad} \NC 6 \NC \NR \NC \type {extra_space} \NC 7 \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate The keys \type {type}, \type {format}, \type {embedding}, \type {fullname} and \type {filename} are used to embed \OPENTYPE\ fonts in the result \PDF. The \type {characters} table is a list of character hashes indexed by an integer number. The number is the \quote {internal code} \TEX\ knows this character by. Two very special string indexes can be used also: \type {left_boundary} is a virtual character whose ligatures and kerns are used to handle word boundary processing. \type {right_boundary} is similar but not actually used for anything (yet). Each character hash itself is a hash. For example, here is the character \quote {f} (decimal 102) in the font \type {cmr10 at 10pt}. The numbers that represent dimensions are in scaled points. \starttyping [102] = { ["width"] = 200250, ["height"] = 455111, ["depth"] = 0, ["italic"] = 50973, ["kerns"] = { [63] = 50973, [93] = 50973, [39] = 50973, [33] = 50973, [41] = 50973 }, ["ligatures"] = { [102] = { ["char"] = 11, ["type"] = 0 }, [108] = { ["char"] = 13, ["type"] = 0 }, [105] = { ["char"] = 12, ["type"] = 0 } } } \stoptyping The following top|-|level keys can be present inside a character hash: \starttabulate[|l|c|c|c|l|p|] \DB key \BC vf \BC tfm \BC used \BC type \BC description \NC\NR \TB \NC \type{width} \NC yes \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC character's width, in sp (default 0) \NC\NR \NC \type{height} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC character's height, in sp (default 0) \NC\NR \NC \type{depth} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC character's depth, in sp (default 0) \NC\NR \NC \type{italic} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC character's italic correction, in sp (default zero) \NC\NR \NC \type{top_accent} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC number \NC character's top accent alignment place, in sp (default zero) \NC\NR \NC \type{bot_accent} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC number \NC character's bottom accent alignment place, in sp (default zero) \NC\NR \NC \type{left_protruding} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC number \NC character's \lpr {lpcode} \NC\NR \NC \type{right_protruding} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC number \NC character's \lpr {rpcode} \NC\NR \NC \type{expansion_factor} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC number \NC character's \lpr {efcode} \NC\NR \NC \type{tounicode} \NC no \NC no \NC maybe \NC string \NC character's \UNICODE\ equivalent(s), in \UTF|-|16BE hexadecimal format \NC\NR \NC \type{next} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC number \NC the \quote {next larger} character index \NC\NR \NC \type{extensible} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC table \NC the constituent parts of an extensible recipe \NC\NR \NC \type{vert_variants} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC table \NC constituent parts of a vertical variant set \NC \NR \NC \type{horiz_variants} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC table \NC constituent parts of a horizontal variant set \NC \NR \NC \type{kerns} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC table \NC kerning information \NC\NR \NC \type{ligatures} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC table \NC ligaturing information \NC\NR \NC \type{commands} \NC yes \NC no \NC yes \NC array \NC virtual font commands \NC\NR \NC \type{name} \NC no \NC no \NC no \NC string \NC the character (\POSTSCRIPT) name \NC\NR \NC \type{index} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC number \NC the (\OPENTYPE\ or \TRUETYPE) font glyph index \NC\NR \NC \type{used} \NC no \NC yes \NC yes \NC boolean \NC typeset already (default: false) \NC\NR \NC \type{mathkern} \NC no \NC no \NC yes \NC table \NC math cut-in specifications \NC\NR \LL \stoptabulate The values of \type {top_accent}, \type {bot_accent} and \type {mathkern} are used only for math accent and superscript placement, see \at {page} [math] in this manual for details. The values of \type {left_protruding} and \type {right_protruding} are used only when \lpr {protrudechars} is non-zero. Whether or not \type {expansion_factor} is used depends on the font's global expansion settings, as well as on the value of \lpr {adjustspacing}. The usage of \type {tounicode} is this: if this font specifies a \type {tounicode=1} at the top level, then \LUATEX\ will construct a \type {/ToUnicode} entry for the \PDF\ font (or font subset) based on the character|-|level \type {tounicode} strings, where they are available. If a character does not have a sensible \UNICODE\ equivalent, do not provide a string either (no empty strings). If the font level \type {tounicode} is not set, then \LUATEX\ will build up \type {/ToUnicode} based on the \TEX\ code points you used, and any character-level \type {tounicodes} will be ignored. The string format is exactly the format that is expected by Adobe \CMAP\ files (\UTF-16BE in hexadecimal encoding), minus the enclosing angle brackets. For instance the \type {tounicode} for a \type {fi} ligature would be \type {00660069}. When you pass a number the conversion will be done for you. A math character can have a \type {next} field that points to a next larger shape. However, the presence of \type {extensible} will overrule \type {next}, if that is also present. The \type {extensible} field in turn can be overruled by \type {vert_variants}, the \OPENTYPE\ version. The \type {extensible} table is very simple: \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \DB key \BC type \BC description \NC\NR \TB \NC \type{top} \NC number \NC top character index \NC\NR \NC \type{mid} \NC number \NC middle character index \NC\NR \NC \type{bot} \NC number \NC bottom character index \NC\NR \NC \type{rep} \NC number \NC repeatable character index \NC\NR \LL \stoptabulate The \type {horiz_variants} and \type {vert_variants} are arrays of components. Each of those components is itself a hash of up to five keys: \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \DB key \BC type \BC explanation \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{glyph} \NC number \NC The character index. Note that this is an encoding number, not a name. \NC \NR \NC \type{extender} \NC number \NC One (1) if this part is repeatable, zero (0) otherwise. \NC \NR \NC \type{start} \NC number \NC The maximum overlap at the starting side (in scaled points). \NC \NR \NC \type{end} \NC number \NC The maximum overlap at the ending side (in scaled points). \NC \NR \NC \type{advance} \NC number \NC The total advance width of this item. It can be zero or missing, then the natural size of the glyph for character \type {component} is used. \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate The \type {kerns} table is a hash indexed by character index (and \quote {character index} is defined as either a non|-|negative integer or the string value \type {right_boundary}), with the values of the kerning to be applied, in scaled points. The \type {ligatures} table is a hash indexed by character index (and \quote {character index} is defined as either a non|-|negative integer or the string value \type {right_boundary}), with the values being yet another small hash, with two fields: \starttabulate[|l|l|p|] \DB key \BC type \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{type} \NC number \NC the type of this ligature command, default 0 \NC \NR \NC \type{char} \NC number \NC the character index of the resultant ligature \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate The \type {char} field in a ligature is required. The \type {type} field inside a ligature is the numerical or string value of one of the eight possible ligature types supported by \TEX. When \TEX\ inserts a new ligature, it puts the new glyph in the middle of the left and right glyphs. The original left and right glyphs can optionally be retained, and when at least one of them is kept, it is also possible to move the new \quote {insertion point} forward one or two places. The glyph that ends up to the right of the insertion point will become the next \quote {left}. \starttabulate[|l|c|l|l|] \DB textual (Knuth) \BC number \BC string \BC result \NC\NR \TB \NC \type{l + r =: n} \NC 0 \NC \type{=:} \NC \type{|n} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r =:| n} \NC 1 \NC \type{=:|} \NC \type{|nr} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r |=: n} \NC 2 \NC \type{|=:} \NC \type{|ln} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r |=:| n} \NC 3 \NC \type{|=:|} \NC \type{|lnr} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r =:|> n} \NC 5 \NC \type{=:|>} \NC \type{n|r} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r |=:> n} \NC 6 \NC \type{|=:>} \NC \type{l|n} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r |=:|> n} \NC 7 \NC \type{|=:|>} \NC \type{l|nr} \NC\NR \NC \type{l + r |=:|>> n} \NC 11 \NC \type{|=:|>>} \NC \type{ln|r} \NC\NR \LL \stoptabulate The default value is~0, and can be left out. That signifies a \quote {normal} ligature where the ligature replaces both original glyphs. In this table the~\type {|} indicates the final insertion point. The \type {commands} array is explained below. \stopsection \startsection[title={Real fonts}] \topicindex {fonts+real} \topicindex {fonts+virtual} Whether or not a \TEX\ font is a \quote {real} font that should be written to the \PDF\ document is decided by the \type {type} value in the top|-|level font structure. If the value is \type {real}, then this is a proper font, and the inclusion mechanism will attempt to add the needed font object definitions to the \PDF. Values for \type {type} are: \starttabulate[|l|p|] \DB value \BC description \NC\NR \TB \NC \type{real} \NC this is a base font \NC\NR \NC \type{virtual} \NC this is a virtual font \NC\NR \LL \stoptabulate The actions to be taken depend on a number of different variables: \startitemize[packed] \startitem Whether the used font fits in an 8-bit encoding scheme or not. This is true for traditional \TEX\ fonts that communicate via \TFM\ files. \stopitem \startitem The type of the disk font file, for instance a bitmap file or an outline \TYPEONE, \TRUETYPE\ or \OPENTYPE\ font. \stopitem \startitem The level of embedding requested, although in most cases a subset of characters is embedded. The times when nothing got embedded are (in our opinion at least) basically gone. \stopitem \stopitemize A font that uses anything other than an 8-bit encoding vector has to be written to the \PDF\ in a different way. When the font table has \type {encodingbytes} set to~2, then it is a wide font, in all other cases it isn't. The value~2 is the default for \OPENTYPE\ and \TRUETYPE\ fonts loaded via \LUA. For \TYPEONE\ fonts, you have to set \type {encodingbytes} to~2 explicitly. For \PK\ bitmap fonts, wide font encoding is not supported at all. If no special care is needed, \LUATEX\ falls back to the mapfile|-|based solution used by \PDFTEX\ and \DVIPS, so that legacy fonts are supported transparently. If a \quote {wide} font is used, the new subsystem kicks in, and some extra fields have to be present in the font structure. In this case, \LUATEX\ does not use a map file at all. These extra fields are: \type {format}, \type {embedding}, \type {fullname}, \type {cidinfo} (as explained above), \type {filename}, and the \type {index} key in the separate characters. The \type {format} variable can have the following values. \type {type3} fonts are provided for backward compatibility only, and do not support the new wide encoding options. \starttabulate[|l|p|] \DB value \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{type1} \NC this is a \POSTSCRIPT\ \TYPEONE\ font \NC \NR \NC \type{type3} \NC this is a bitmapped (\PK) font \NC \NR \NC \type{truetype} \NC this is a \TRUETYPE\ or \TRUETYPE|-|based \OPENTYPE\ font \NC \NR \NC \type{opentype} \NC this is a \POSTSCRIPT|-|based \OPENTYPE\ font \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate Valid values for the \type {embedding} variable are: \starttabulate[|l|p|] \DB value \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{no} \NC don't embed the font at all \NC \NR \NC \type{subset} \NC include and atttempt to subset the font \NC \NR \NC \type{full} \NC include this font in its entirety \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate The other fields are used as follows. The \type {fullname} will be the \POSTSCRIPT|/|\PDF\ font name. The \type {cidinfo} will be used as the character set: the CID \type {/Ordering} and \type {/Registry} keys. The \type {filename} points to the actual font file. If you include the full path in the \type {filename} or if the file is in the local directory, \LUATEX\ will run a little bit more efficient because it will not have to re|-|run the \type {find_*_file} callback in that case. Be careful: when mixing old and new fonts in one document, it is possible to create \POSTSCRIPT\ name clashes that can result in printing errors. When this happens, you have to change the \type {fullname} of the font to a more unique one. Typeset strings are written out in a wide format using 2~bytes per glyph, using the \type {index} key in the character information as value. The overall effect is like having an encoding based on numbers instead of traditional (\POSTSCRIPT) name|-|based reencoding. One way to get the correct \type {index} numbers for \TYPEONE\ fonts is by loading the font via \type {fontloader.open} and use the table indices as \type {index} fields. In order to make sure that cut and paste of the final document works okay you can best make sure that there is a \type {tounicode} vector enforced. Not all \PDF\ viewers handle this right so take \ACROBAT\ as reference. \stopsection \startsection[reference=virtualfonts,title={Virtual fonts}] \subsection{The structure} \topicindex {fonts+virtual} You have to take the following steps if you want \LUATEX\ to treat the returned table from \cbk {define_font} as a virtual font: \startitemize[packed] \startitem Set the top|-|level key \type {type} to \type {virtual}. In most cases it's optional because we look at the \type {commands} entry anyway. \stopitem \startitem Make sure there is at least one valid entry in \type {fonts} (see below), although recent versions of \LUATEX\ add a default entry when this table is missing. \stopitem \startitem Add a \type {commands} array to those characters that matter. A virtual character can itself point to virtual characters but be careful with nesting as you can create loops and overflow the stack (which often indicates an error anyway). \stopitem \stopitemize The presence of the toplevel \type {type} key with the specific value \type {virtual} will trigger handling of the rest of the special virtual font fields in the table, but the mere existence of 'type' is enough to prevent \LUATEX\ from looking for a virtual font on its own. This also works \quote {in reverse}: if you are absolutely certain that a font is not a virtual font, assigning the value \type {real} to \type {type} will inhibit \LUATEX\ from looking for a virtual font file, thereby saving you a disk search. This only matters when we load a \TFM\ file. The \type {fonts} is an (indexed) \LUA\ table. The values are one- or two|-|key hashes themselves, each entry indicating one of the base fonts in a virtual font. In case your font is referring to itself, you can use the \type {font.nextid()} function which returns the index of the next to be defined font which is probably the currently defined one. So, a table looks like this: \starttyping fonts = { { name = "ptmr8a", size = 655360 }, { name = "psyr", size = 600000 }, { id = 38 } } \stoptyping The first referenced font (at index~1) in this virtual font is \type {ptrmr8a} loaded at 10pt, and the second is \type {psyr} loaded at a little over 9pt. The third one is a previously defined font that is known to \LUATEX\ as font id~38. The array index numbers are used by the character command definitions that are part of each character. The \type {commands} array is a hash where each item is another small array, with the first entry representing a command and the extra items being the parameters to that command. The allowed commands and their arguments are: \starttabulate[|l|l|l|p|] \DB command \BC arguments \BC type \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type{font} \NC 1 \NC number \NC select a new font from the local \type {fonts} table \NC \NR \NC \type{char} \NC 1 \NC number \NC typeset this character number from the current font, and move right by the character's width \NC \NR \NC \type{node} \NC 1 \NC node \NC output this node (list), and move right by the width of this list\NC \NR \NC \type{slot} \NC 2 \NC 2 numbers \NC a shortcut for the combination of a font and char command\NC \NR \NC \type{push} \NC 0 \NC \NC save current position\NC \NR \NC \type{nop} \NC 0 \NC \NC do nothing \NC \NR \NC \type{pop} \NC 0 \NC \NC pop position \NC \NR \NC \type{rule} \NC 2 \NC 2 numbers \NC output a rule $ht*wd$, and move right. \NC \NR \NC \type{down} \NC 1 \NC number \NC move down on the page \NC \NR \NC \type{right} \NC 1 \NC number \NC move right on the page \NC \NR \NC \type{special} \NC 1 \NC string \NC output a \prm {special} command \NC \NR \NC \type{pdf} \NC 2 \NC 2 strings \NC output a \PDF\ literal, the first string is one of \type {origin}, \type {page}, \type {text}, \type {font}, \type {direct} or \type {raw}; if you have one string only \type {origin} is assumed \NC \NR \NC \type{lua} \NC 1 \NC string, function \NC execute a \LUA\ script when the glyph is embedded; in case of a function it gets the font id and character code passed \NC \NR \NC \type{image} \NC 1 \NC image \NC output an image (the argument can be either an \type {} variable or an \type {image_spec} table) \NC \NR \NC \type{comment} \NC any \NC any \NC the arguments of this command are ignored \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate When a font id is set to~0 then it will be replaced by the currently assigned font id. This prevents the need for hackery with future id's. Normally one could use \type {font.nextid} but when more complex fonts are built in the meantime other instances could have been loaded. The \type {pdf} option also accepts a \type {mode} keyword in which case the third argument sets the mode. That option will change the mode in an efficient way (passing an empty string would result in an extra empty lines in the \PDF\ file. This option only makes sense for virtual fonts. The \type {font} mode only makes sense in virtual fonts. Modes are somewhat fuzzy and partially inherited from \PDFTEX. \starttabulate[|l|p|] \DB mode \BC description \NC \NR \TB \NC \type {origin} \NC enter page mode and set the position \NC \NR \NC \type {page} \NC enter page mode \NC \NR \NC \type {text} \NC enter text mode \NC \NR \NC \type {font} \NC enter font mode (kind of text mode, only in virtual fonts) \NC \NR \NC \type {always} \NC finish the current string and force a transform if needed \NC \NR \NC \type {raw} \NC finish the current string \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate You always need to check what \PDF\ code is generated because there can be all kind of interferences with optimization in the backend and fonts are complicated anyway. Here is a rather elaborate glyph commands example using such keys: \starttyping ... commands = { { "push" }, -- remember where we are { "right", 5000 }, -- move right about 0.08pt { "font", 3 }, -- select the fonts[3] entry { "char", 97 }, -- place character 97 (ASCII 'a') -- { "slot", 2, 97 }, -- an alternative for the previous two { "pop" }, -- go all the way back { "down", -200000 }, -- move upwards by about 3pt { "special", "pdf: 1 0 0 rg" } -- switch to red color -- { "pdf", "origin", "1 0 0 rg" } -- switch to red color (alternative) { "rule", 500000, 20000 } -- draw a bar { "special", "pdf: 0 g" } -- back to black -- { "pdf", "origin", "0 g" } -- back to black (alternative) } ... \stoptyping The default value for \type {font} is always~1 at the start of the \type {commands} array. Therefore, if the virtual font is essentially only a re|-|encoding, then you do usually not have created an explicit \quote {font} command in the array. Rules inside of \type {commands} arrays are built up using only two dimensions: they do not have depth. For correct vertical placement, an extra \type {down} command may be needed. Regardless of the amount of movement you create within the \type {commands}, the output pointer will always move by exactly the width that was given in the \type {width} key of the character hash. Any movements that take place inside the \type {commands} array are ignored on the upper level. The special can have a \type {pdf:}, \type {pdf:origin:}, \type {pdf:page:}, \type {pdf:direct:} or \type {pdf:raw:} prefix. When you have to concatenate strings using the \type {pdf} command might be more efficient. \subsection{Artificial fonts} Even in a \quote {real} font, there can be virtual characters. When \LUATEX\ encounters a \type {commands} field inside a character when it becomes time to typeset the character, it will interpret the commands, just like for a true virtual character. In this case, if you have created no \quote {fonts} array, then the default (and only) \quote {base} font is taken to be the current font itself. In practice, this means that you can create virtual duplicates of existing characters which is useful if you want to create composite characters. Note: this feature does {\it not\/} work the other way around. There can not be \quote {real} characters in a virtual font! You cannot use this technique for font re-encoding either; you need a truly virtual font for that (because characters that are already present cannot be altered). \subsection{Example virtual font} \topicindex {fonts+virtual} Finally, here is a plain \TEX\ input file with a virtual font demonstration: \startbuffer \directlua { callback.register('define_font', function (name,size) if name == 'cmr10-red' then local f = font.read_tfm('cmr10',size) f.name = 'cmr10-red' f.type = 'virtual' f.fonts = { { name = 'cmr10', size = size } } for i,v in pairs(f.characters) do if string.char(i):find('[tacohanshartmut]') then v.commands = { { "special", "pdf: 1 0 0 rg" }, { "char", i }, { "special", "pdf: 0 g" }, } end end return f else return font.read_tfm(name,size) end end ) } \font\myfont = cmr10-red at 10pt \myfont This is a line of text \par \font\myfontx = cmr10 at 10pt \myfontx Here is another line of text \par \stopbuffer \typebuffer \stopsection \startsection[title={The \type {vf} library}] The \type {vf} library can be used when \LUA\ code, as defined in the \type {commands} of the font, is executed. The functions provided are similar as the commands: \type {char}, \type {down}, \type {fontid}, \type {image}, \type {node}, \type {nop}, \type {pop}, \type {push}, \type {right}, \nod {rule}, \type {special} and \type {pdf}. This library has been present for a while but not been advertised and tested much, if only because it's easy to define an invalid font (or mess up the \PDF\ stream). Keep in mind that the \LUA\ snippets are executed each time when a character is output. \stopsection \startsection[title={The \type {font} library}] \topicindex {fonts+library} The font library provides the interface into the internals of the font system, and it also contains helper functions to load traditional \TEX\ font metrics formats. Other font loading functionality is provided by the \type {fontloader} library that will be discussed in the next section. \subsection{Loading a \TFM\ file} \topicindex {fonts+tfm} The behaviour documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be backward|-|incompatible changes any more. \startfunctioncall fnt = font.read_tfm( name, s) \stopfunctioncall The number is a bit special: \startitemize \startitem If it is positive, it specifies an \quote {at size} in scaled points. \stopitem \startitem If it is negative, its absolute value represents a \quote {scaled} setting relative to the designsize of the font. \stopitem \stopitemize \subsection{Loading a \VF\ file} \topicindex {fonts+vf} The behavior documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be backward-incompatible changes any more. \startfunctioncall
vf_fnt = font.read_vf( name, s) \stopfunctioncall The meaning of the number \type {s} and the format of the returned table are similar to the ones in the \type {read_tfm} function. \subsection{The fonts array} \topicindex {fonts+virtual} The whole table of \TEX\ fonts is accessible from \LUA\ using a virtual array. \starttyping font.fonts[n] = { ... }
f = font.fonts[n] \stoptyping Because this is a virtual array, you cannot call \type {pairs} on it, but see below for the \type {font.each} iterator. The two metatable functions implementing the virtual array are: \startfunctioncall
f = font.getfont( n) font.setfont( n,
f) \stopfunctioncall Note that at the moment, each access to the \type {font.fonts} or call to \type {font.getfont} creates a \LUA\ table for the whole font unless you cached it. If you want a copy of the internal data you can use \type {font.getcopy}: \startfunctioncall
f = font.getcopy( n) \stopfunctioncall This one will return a table of the parameters as known to \TEX. These can be different from the ones in the cached table: \startfunctioncall
p = font.getparameters( n) \stopfunctioncall Also note the following: assignments can only be made to fonts that have already been defined in \TEX, but have not been accessed {\it at all\/} since that definition. This limits the usability of the write access to \type {font.fonts} quite a lot, a less stringent ruleset will likely be implemented later. \subsection{Checking a font's status} You can test for the status of a font by calling this function: \startfunctioncall f = font.frozen( n) \stopfunctioncall The return value is one of \type {true} (unassignable), \type {false} (can be changed) or \type {nil} (not a valid font at all). \subsection{Defining a font directly} \topicindex {fonts+define} You can define your own font into \type {font.fonts} by calling this function: \startfunctioncall i = font.define(
f) \stopfunctioncall The return value is the internal id number of the defined font (the index into \type {font.fonts}). If the font creation fails, an error is raised. The table is a font structure. An alternative call is: \startfunctioncall i = font.define( n,
f) \stopfunctioncall Where the first argument is a reserved font id (see below). \subsection{Extending a font} \topicindex {fonts+extend} Within reasonable bounds you can extend a font after it has been defined. Because some properties are best left unchanged this is limited to adding characters. \startfunctioncall font.addcharacters( n,
f) \stopfunctioncall The table passed can have the fields \type {characters} which is a (sub)table like the one used in define, and for virtual fonts a \type {fonts} table can be added. The characters defined in the \type {characters} table are added (when not yet present) or replace an existing entry. Keep in mind that replacing can have side effects because a character already can have been used. Instead of posing restrictions we expect the user to be careful. (The \type {setfont} helper is a more drastic replacer.) \subsection{Projected next font id} \topicindex {fonts+id} \startfunctioncall i = font.nextid() \stopfunctioncall This returns the font id number that would be returned by a \type {font.define} call if it was executed at this spot in the code flow. This is useful for virtual fonts that need to reference themselves. If you pass \type {true} as argument, the id gets reserved and you can pass to \type {font.define} as first argument. This can be handy when you create complex virtual fonts. \startfunctioncall i = font.nextid(true) \stopfunctioncall \subsection{Font ids} \topicindex {fonts+id} \topicindex {fonts+current} \startfunctioncall i = font.id( csname) \stopfunctioncall This returns the font id associated with \type {csname}, or $-1$ if \type {csname} is not defined. \startfunctioncall i = font.max() \stopfunctioncall This is the largest used index in \type {font.fonts}. \startfunctioncall i = font.current() font.current( i) \stopfunctioncall This gets or sets the currently used font number. \subsection{Iterating over all fonts} \topicindex {fonts+iterate} \startfunctioncall for i,v in font.each() do ... end \stopfunctioncall This is an iterator over each of the defined \TEX\ fonts. The first returned value is the index in \type {font.fonts}, the second the font itself, as a \LUA\ table. The indices are listed incrementally, but they do not always form an array of consecutive numbers: in some cases there can be holes in the sequence. \startsubsection[title={\type{\glyphdimensionsmode}}] Already in the early days of \LUATEX\ the decision was made to calculate the effective height and depth of glyphs in a way that reflected the applied vertical offset. The height got that offset added, the depth only when the offset was larger than zero. We can now control this in more detail with this mode parameter. An offset is added to the height and|/|or subtracted from the depth. The effective values are never negative. The zero mode is the default. \starttabulate[|l|pl|] \DB value \BC effect \NC\NR \TB \NC \type {0} \NC the old behavior: add the offset to the height and only subtract the offset only from the depth when it is positive \NC \NR \NC \type {1} \NC add the offset to the height and subtract it from the depth \NC \NR \NC \type {2} \NC add the offset to the height and subtract it from the depth but keep the maxima of the current and previous results \NC \NR \NC \type {3} \NC use the height and depth of the glyph, so no offset is applied \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate \stopsubsection \startsubsection[title={\type {\discretionaryligaturemode}}] This parameter controls how complex ligatures interact with discretionaries (as injected by the hyphenator). The non||zero values prevent the construction of so called init and select discretionaries. \definefontfeature[ligmodetest][default][mode=base] \definefont [ligmodefont][Serif*ligmodetest] \hyphenation{xx-f-f-i-xx} \starttabulate[|p|p|p|] \DB 0 \BC 1 \BC 2 \NC \NR \TB \NC \ligmodefont \discretionaryligaturemode0 \hsize1pt xxffixx \NC \ligmodefont \discretionaryligaturemode1 \hsize1pt xxffixx \NC \ligmodefont \discretionaryligaturemode2 \hsize1pt xxffixx \NC \NR \LL \stoptabulate \stopsubsection \stopsection \stopchapter \stopcomponent